History of ASL

In 1817, The American School for the Deaf is founded by Laurent Clerc, a Deaf educator from France, and Thomas Gallaudet, an advocate for Deaf education, in Hartford, Connecticut. French Sign Language (LSF) blends with the signs already used by Deaf communities in the U.S., particularly those from Martha’s Vineyard. This fusion of languages marks the beginning of American Sign Language (ASL).

Deaf students graduating from the American School for the Deaf spread ASL to Deaf communities across the United States.

In 1864, Gallaudet University (initially the Columbia Institution for the Instruction of the Deaf, Dumb and the Blind) is established in Washington, D.C., becoming the first higher education institution for Deaf students. Gallaudet plays a key role in the continued development and formalization of ASL.

From the late 19th century to early 20th century, A major shift towards oralism occurs. Spoken language and lip-reading are favored over sign language in Deaf education. ASL is suppressed, and many Deaf students are discouraged from using it in schools. Despite this, ASL persists in Deaf communities and is used as a primary form of communication among Deaf individuals.

In 1960, Linguist Dr. William Stokoe publishes groundbreaking research proving that ASL is a complete language with its own grammar and structure, debunking the misconception that sign language is a simplified form of communication. Stokoe’s work helps pave the way for the recognition of ASL as a legitimate language. This recognition strengthens the Deaf community’s cultural identity and opens the door for more advocacy around ASL and Deaf rights.

In 1973, The Rehabilitation Act was passed, with Section 504 prohibiting discrimination against individuals with disabilities, including Deaf individuals, in programs receiving federal funding. This law mandated access to interpreters and ASL in federal programs and institutions.

In the 1980s, Advocacy organizations like the National Association of the Deaf (NAD) worked to advance the recognition of ASL, emphasizing language access in schools, workplaces, and public services.

In March of 1988, The Deaf President Now (DPN) movement at Gallaudet University became a turning point when students successfully demanded the appointment of a Deaf president, Dr. I. King Jordan. This movement represented the Deaf community's broader fight for self-representation and leadership.

On July 26th, 1990, The passage of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) ensured broad legal protections for people with disabilities, including Deaf individuals. The ADA mandated accommodations like interpreters in public and private spaces, ensuring access to communication and services for the Deaf community.

Today, ASL gained greater visibility in mainstream media, particularly with the success of TV shows like Switched at Birth and films like CODA (2021). These representations helped raise awareness of Deaf culture and the importance of ASL in everyday life. Social media platforms like TikTok and Instagram are now used by Deaf creators to teach ASL and share their stories, further expanding the reach and impact of the language.